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THE 



ENGLISH I IRELAND, 



People Wlio Live in Glass Houses," Etc, 



— A REPLY TO- 



'THE TURKS IN EUROPE," 

— BY — 

EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.CL, l.L.D. 

— UY— 



Philadelphia: 
J. L. SI BOLE & CO. 

1878. 



Copyright, 1878, by J. L. SlBOLE & CO. 



THE 

ENGLISH IN IRELAND 

A REPLY TO 

"THE TURKS IN EUROPE," 

BY 

EDWARD A. FREEMAxV, D.C.L., LL.D. 






THOMAS ADOLPHUS. 



-.- - • 

PHILADELP1 
J. L. SIBOLE & CO., PUBLISHERS. 

1878. 



ft 



INTRODUCTION. 



The author would not that any one 
should so misconstrue his purpose and 
intention as to imagine for one moment 
that this brochure was written merely to 
vent any malice, spite or spleen that the 
author may entertain against England, 
or that he was influenced by any but 
honest motives in bringing forth this trea- 
tise, wherein the English are shown in 
no enviable light. It has been custom- 
ary, in speaking of the Turk, to de- 
pict him as a bloody tyrant, as a monster 
in human form, as one who has no rights 
that any one is bound to respect. Now, 
to the author it does seem that a gross 
injustice is done the Turk. Not but 
that he has been guilty of the most 
heinous offences, that he has committed 



IV INTRODUCTION. 

great wrongs, that he deserves the repro- 
bation of the entire civilized world, which 
he is now receiving. But there let it 
stop. Do not raise the hue and cry o1 
barbarism, bloody monster, and the like 
and, before fully considering the subject 
advocate his utter annihilation anc 
destruction Because, 'tis a dangerous 
proceeding, 'tis full of risk, especially tc 
those who advocate such policy; anc 
herein does its danger consist. It lay* 
down a precedent. When the Pharisees 
brought before Christ the woman 
taken in the commission of sin, Hisi 
reply to her accusors was — "He that if 
without sin, let him first cast a stone 
at her." Not one was thrown jj 
for no one was without sin. So 
is it with nations. Mr. Freeman ha;! 
drawn up a long and terrible arrajl. 
against the unfortunate Turk. He showii 
who he was, where he came from, whai 



INTRODUCTION. V 

i has done ; and he ends by asking, 
What shall be done with him ?" His 
nswer is, " Drive him out of Europe." 
low, the same arguments that he has 
sed, if capable of use against other 
ations, must bring about the same ver- 
ict ; and with equal good grace he 
mst abide by the decision, as he does 
hen he advocates the driving out of the 
urk. Mr. Freeman being an English- 
lan, and as nothing is so plain as when 
is brought home to us, we have taken 
fngland, and have subjected it to the 
fcme process as that which Turkey has 
ndergone at his hands. We have taken 
■ history for several hundred years, in 
ae part of the empire — Ireland. We 
ave followed its events step by step, leav- 
ut much detail, of course, and adher- 
pg to the most important parts. We must 
[ave it to you, kind reader, to decide which 
the two is the best, from the records 



VI INTRODUCTION. 

given — England or Turkey. If we have 
proved that Turkey, after all, — bad as 
she has been — is no worse than the 
boasted civilized nations of Europe ; and 
that those who desire to drive her out of 
Europe are by their own argument fit 
subjects for similar treatment, we shall 
have fulfilled our purpose. 

Perhaps this treatise may have the 
effect of causing some heedless persons to 
inveigh bitterly against England and 
say all manner of hard things 
against her. The author beseeches 
such to pause ere they do so, 
and think of what they themselves have 
done, and how they would look were 
they put into the same microscope and 
carefully dissected. No matter who 
they be — American, French, Russian, 
Turk, Austrian, Jew, Catholic or 
Protestant ; a tale of horror equal 
to this, if not worse, can be placed 



INTRODUCTION. Vll 

o the credit of any one of them. 
Thus the precedent laid down by Mr. Free- 
nan is a dangerous one ; for what nation 
s there that might not at any moment be 
;rushed by a similar argument ? Suppose 
France, Germany, and Russia were to 
ombine to drive the English out of 
[reland, or out of India. If the policy 
:>f Mr. Freeman is adopted at the present 
:ime, and Turkey is allowed to be devas- 
tated, what could they say against France 
Russia, or Germany ? whom would they 
kppeal to? "Ha! ha!" the world 
would say, "remember the precedent 
you laid down when Turkey was allowed 
to be dismembered ; you allowed it then, 
you preached it ; now abide by the con- 
sequences." 

The Author. 

Philadelphia, March, 1878. 



THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 



Who and What are the English ? 

It may seem superfluous and unneces- 
sary for us to enter into an elaborate 
dissertation as to who and what the Eng- 
lish are. But still, in order that a proper 
understanding may be obtained by all 
who happen to peruse this, we will give 
a mere outline of the origin of one of 
the greatest peoples the world has ever 
seen. 

In the earliest times of which we have 
any recoid, we find that Britain was in- 
habited by a barbarous and uncivilized 
race of people, whose only vocations were 
the tending of cattle, and agricultural 
pursuits sufficient for their own suste- 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE ENGLISH t V 

nance, and the (to them) delightful 
Occupation of forestalling the process of 
a natural death by exterminating one 
another with the sword. They were gov- 
erned by chiefs who gained their 
office by personal prowess and bravery ; 
and in the majority of cases they ob- 
tained it by imbruing their hands 
in the blood of their predecessors 
Their main law was might : might was 
right, and they respected it 

The Romans came. Believing in the 
same principles, they immediately car- 
ried them out by a similar process ; 
which process, when applied to those 
who previously believed in and practiced 
them, was found by the Britons so burden- 
some and so unpalatable that they 
rose to a man to put down and 
utterly annihilate the foreign in- 
vader and bloody tyrant. The story 
of their efforts to do so, and of the many 



10 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

furious struggles that took place before 
they were finally subdued, forms one of 
the most interesting pages of English 
history. But might asserted itself, and 
the Roman arms once more proved 
invincible. Under the Roman dominion 
the Britons rapidly improved in civil- 
ization. Peace was established; laws 
were introduced among them ; Christi- 
anity was introduced ; the Druidical 
power began to wane. The old condi- 
tion of things passed away, and a new 
one took its place. Time passed. 
The Romans themselves now began to 
suffer what they had practiced on others. 
The empire began to fall to pieces. They 
left England, they forsook their con- 
quests in Gaul, till, finally, they were 
driven to their last stronghold, and the 
lion was at bay. The Britons were left 
to themselves. The long peace had 
made them helpless. Their restless 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE ENGLISH ? 1 1 

neighbors, the Picts and the Scots, fell 
upon them. They appealed to their old 
friends, the Romans. What help these 
could give in their distress, they gave. 
But Attilla was thundering at the very 
gates of Rome. Her resources were 
taxed to the uttermost; she needed 
help, instead of being able to give it. 
The few Romans that remained 
finally bade adieu to Britain in the year 
448, after having been masters of it for 
nearly four hundred years. Help the 
Britons needed ; where would they get it ? 
They cast their eyes across the sea. The 
Saxons ! No sooner thought of than 
done. A deputation was sent to invite 
them over. Did they refuse ? Oh, no ! 
they came with alacrity. Joy beamed on 
their countenances. The Picts and the 
Scots retired out of deference to them. The 
Britons applauded their wisdom in call- 
ing over the Saxons, and they hoped for 



12 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

peace. Peace they obtained. The Saxons 
received thanks, and, perhaps, many a 
polite intimation that their services were 
no longer needed. But Hengist and 
Horsa were too well pleased by the hos- 
pitality shown them ; and, indeed, they 
were overjoyed at discovering so delec- 
table a spot. They resolved to stay. 
They sent intelligence home of the para- 
dise they had found. Thousands came 
over to look at this paradise The thou- 
sands were pleased with it. These thou- 
sands continued the narrative begun by 
Hengist and Horsa; and, lo and be- 
hold ! the Britons awoke to the disgust- 
ing fact that they were in the hands of 
the Saxons. They arose to repel them ; 
but they found them more formidable 
than the Picts and Scots. They lamented 
their folly in inviting over the Saxons ; 
but it was too late. After a struggle of 
one hundred and fifty years, they gazed 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE ENGLISH? 13 

on the homes of their ancestors and 
found that they had become totally 
changed in inhabitants, language, cus- 
toms, and political institutions. 

The new conquerors, instead of im- 
proving matters, only made them worse. 
Everything went back to the old-time 
barbarity, and those who bore the proud 
title of Briton were hunted like very 
dogs, and were either massacred, expelled 
from their homes, or reduced to 
abject slavery. A lamentable change, 
surely. Christianity was almost extin- 
guished, save among those few who were 
hunted and despised. But a desirable 
change at length took place. Christianity 
was once more introduced. Augustine 
came and preached the Living Faith to 
them. At first the progress of the new 
faith was slow ; but it soon spread over 
the whole country. Time flew apace. 
The continent continued to pour in its 



14 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

thousands of hardy adventurers. And 
now another cloud loomed up. 

The restless Danes began to pour up- 
on the Anglo-Saxons from all quarters. 
The?e daring pirates feared and respected 
no one. They made the coast of 
England, and whatever riches it pos- 
sessed, their own. They fell upon 
all the unprotected places like locusts. 
Rollo, that valiant pirate, whose name 
figures in song and story, was the terror 
of that part of the world. The French 
enjoyed his company as well as the 
Anglo-Saxons. But it was such sorry 
company, that Charles, the French mon- 
arch, in utter desperation, bestowed up- 
on him his daughter in marriage, and like- 
wise a very handsome present in the 
shape of considerable territory called 
Neustria, which was afterwards known as 
Normandy. Many of the Danes had 
been settled in England for some time. 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE ENGLISH ? 1 5 

| They were admired and hated alternately, 
till an end was put to this system of 
chicanery on the part of the English, by 
the amiable Ethelred. The plan was 
very simple. At a given hour, all the 
Danes that remained were quietly dis- 
patched, and thereby sent to a place 
where they would no longer trouble the 
living. But the English paid dearly for 
this luxury; for the Danes beyond the 
sea did no sooner hear of it, than they 
flew into a furious rage ; in short, they 
became highly indignant. They called 
upon the English, and left their compli- 
ments — which, out of politeness, they 
were bound to do — in the shape of divers 
massacres, burnings, pillaging, etc , such 
as the English had never before witnessed. 
Peace was made with the avengers at an 
enormous sacrifice ; but it was broken 
by the avengers at convenience, made 
again, and again broken ; tried again, 



16 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

but with like result. Nearly fifty years 
had passed. The Danes once more 
arose. William the Conqueror led them 
on. The battle of Hastings closed the 
scene, and the Anglo-Saxon government 
gave way to the invincible Normans. 

Thus for eleven hundred years had 
England been alternately in the hands of 
the Roman, the Saxon, and the Norman. 
These changes had not been devoid of 
good result, but these are too numerous 
to be recounted in so short a treatise as 
this. This closed the series of conquests 
to which England was subjected. Grad- 
ually she grew from an insignificant 
power to one of the greatest nations in 
the world. We cannot follow her step 
by step in her growth, or describe the 
trials and tribulations through which she 
passed ; or of seasons of prosperity, , or 
of adversity. We must leap the gulf, 
and ask, What are the English now ? 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE IRISH ? 17 

Who and What are the Irish ? 

The early history of the Irish is 
shrouded in myth. Some historians 
maintain, and ancient manuscripts can be 
shown in proof of it to this day, that 
Ireland's history extends as far back as two 
thousand years before Christ. We have 
no desire to go back thus far. Suffice 
it for our purpose to say that the ancient 
Irish were more advanced in the arts of 
civilization and general culture than were 
their neighbors the Britons. Christianity 
was known and practiced among them. 
Palladius was consecrated by Pope Celes- 
tine as the first bishop to the Irish believ- 
ing in Christ. St. Patrick, A. D. 431, 
was ordained by Pope Celestine, and 
arrived in Ireland AD. 432. Christianity 
was now thoroughly introduced, but not 
without opposition from the native 
Drinces, who were jealous of St. Patrick's 
Dower and influence and feared greatly for 



18 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

their own. But the zealous mission- 
ary triumphed over all. The see 
of Armagh was founded; religious 
houses for both sexes were founded 
near the church, and were rapidly 
filled with converts from the old to 
the new religion. St. Patrick died. 
Feuds were engendered between the; 
native princes, Christian against Chris- 
tian ; Pagan against Pagan ; and Pagan 
against Christian. But, in spite of all, 
Christianity continued to spread, and 
the arts and sciences flourished. Eric of 
Auxerre wrote thus to Charles the Bald : 
" What shall I say of Ireland, which/ 
despising the dangers of the deep, is 
migrating with her whole train of philos^ 
ophers to our coast?" And Rency, after' 
describing the poetry and literature o I 
ancient Erin, speaks of her as perhaprjtl 
the most cultivated country of all wester/ 
Europe, and adds that Ireland countec 



WHO AND WHAT ARE THE IRISH? 19 

a. host of saints and learned men 
venerated in England and Gaul. " No 
country," he says, "has furnished more 
Christian missionaries." 

The Venerable Bede, in speaking of 

the pestilence " crom cronaillf that 

devastated Ireland, says, "Many of 

the nobility and lower rank of the Eng- 

ish nation were there at the time, who, 

n the days of Bishops Finan and Colman, 

brsaking their native land, retired thither, 

either for the sake of divine studies or 

or a more continent life. During this 

period, it is said, no less than three 

housand students collected from all parts 

of Europe to attend the school of Ar- 

nagh. But this happy condition of affairs 

vas suddenly brought to a standstill, and 

uffered a severe check from the hands of 

he rapacious Danes. Plunder was the 

object of their visit. Churches, mon- 

I .steries, abbeys, were despoiled ; vil- 

ages were placed under the rule of the 



20 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

Danish chieftains. All education wasll 
forbidden; manuscripts were burned;' 
poets, historians and missionaries wei 
either driven to the caves and mountains,!' 
or imprisoned ; martial sports were inji' 
terdicted. A reign of terror ensued Jl 
The Irish rose, and were defeated ; rose! 
again, were again defeated; again am 
again, till, finally, at the battle of Clon-: 
tarf, on the 23d of April, 10 14, the' 
Danes were defeated, and the Irisr 
gazed sadly upon the ruins of what were 
once their happy homes. Their forme! 
glory had departed. They were crushec! 
and broken. They fell into a conditior 
of anarchy. Civil war broke out 
rival princes contend for power ; usurp: 
ers assert false claims and maintain the™ 
by the sword; legitimate princes wen 
murdered in cold blood. Interned ill 
strife was rampant. Dermot Mac Mur 
rough sought the assistance of Henri 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 21 

of England to carry out his nefari 
designs ; and this is the first 
pk of the chain by which Ireland was 
|iited to England (1170), seven hun- 
ed years ago. But we will follow this 
under the head of "The English in 
eland.'' And we ask, What are the 
!ish now? 



Vhat Have the English Done in 

Ireland ? 

This question can be answered in a 
v words. They have destroyed, and 
fcy have oppressed. They have checked 

progress in Ireland. They have made 
omises, and they have broken them, 
ley have shown themselves cruel, lust- 
and faithless, even beyond other 
liristian and civilized conquerors. This 
all true in a general way ; but it will 

well to go a little more into detail, 
jd to give a short sketch of the English 



22 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

power in Ireland, — of its rise, and not 
decline. 

Dermot MacMurrough sought the as- 
sistance of Henry II. But Henry was too 
much engaged with his own affairs to 
enter Ireland himself. Pope Adrian, 
misled by false representations, issued 
a Bull granting Henry the right to enter 
the island of Ireland, to subject its peo- 
ple to obedience to laws, to eradicate the 
seeds of vice, and also to make every 
house pay the annual »tribute of t one 
penny to the blessed Peter, and pre- 
serve the rights of the church of 
that land whole and entire. Henry 
granted Dermot's request to be allowed 
to obtain assistance : but for some time he 
was unable to do so ; till, finally, 
the knights, Maurice Fitz-Gerald and 
Robert Fitz -Stephen joined the party 
under the Earl of Pembroke, Richard de 
Clare, commonly known as Strongbow 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 23 

from his skill in archery. They landed 
in Ireland with a small army, and were 
met by the inhabitants, who, unfortu- 
nately, were easily overcome. Water- 
ford was besieged and its inhabitants 
were massacred. Dublin was also be- 
sieged, and the inhabitants, hearing of the 
horrible massacres which attended the 
footsteps of the English, concluded it 
would be wiser to treat for a surrender. 
But while the negotiations were going on 
,wo of the English leaders, Raymond le 
jros and Miles de Cogan, effected an 
entrance into the city, and commenced a 
nerciless butchery of the inhabitants. 
vVhen the archbishop, who had treated 
*or peace, returned, he heard cries of 
nisery and groans of anguish in all 
quarters; and it was not without the 
greatest difficulty that he succeeded in 
ippeasing the fury of the soldiers, and 
he rage of the people who had been so 



24 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

basely treated. Thus was the advent of 
the English announced in blood. The 
Irish rose up against them; but in vain. 
Henry II. himself arrived. Though 
apparently opposed to Strongbow, and 
jealous of him, nevertheless he accepted 
his submission and a tender of all the 
lands he had won in Ireland. Thus Irish 
Jand became for the first time the 
property of an English king (1171). 
The English did not look upon the 
natives with favor. On the contrary, 
they looked upon them as a people to be 
conquered, as a race to be exterminated 
and enslaved ; and they practiced with 
a vengeance what they preached. The 
petty chiefs were set against one another. 
The English aided first this one, then that 
one. Better that they should exterminate 
themselves : that would save the English 
much trouble. This exquisite policy was 
well carried out, and in the same manner 
as the Turk is accused of doing it. 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 25 

Cambrensis describes the state of 
Ireland at this period as follows: "The 
nhabitantsare barbarians-" Nevertheless 
he writes severely of the evils which 
resulted from the invasion. " The clergy 
are reduced to beggary. The cathedral 
churches mourn, having been deprived by 
the aforesaid persons (the leading adven- 
turers) and others along with them, or 
who came over after them, of the lands 
and ample estates which had been for- 
merly granted to them faithfully and 
devoutly. And thus the exalting of the 
Church has been changed into the de- 
spoiling or plundering of the Church." 

This new and bloody conquest was 
accomplished by an enormous effusion of 
blood, and by the slaughter of Christian 
people. The English proceeded with their 
conquests. Various parts of Ireland were 
invaded. Defeat after defeat fell upon 
the inhabitants, till suddenly they won a 



26 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

victory over the English. This victory 
was the signal for a general revolt. The 
Irish became animated with hope. The 
chieftains arose, the people arose; but 
in vain. The arm of the oppressor 
was too strong, and once more the Irish 
cause was lost. Fitz-Aldhelm de Burgo 
was appointed Viceroy of Ireland (1176). 
Treaties were made, only to be almost 
instantly broken. The northern provinces 
were plundered. The native Irish were in 
a deplorable condition, — foes within and 
foes without. Henry conferred the title 
of King of Ireland on his son, Prince 
John. The few remaining estates 
approachable by the English were be- 
stowed on new-comers. Vain attempts 
to throw off the yoke were continually 
made. The English colony carried 
things with so high a hand that some of 
the English themselves were disgusted. 
But it availed the poor Irish nothing. 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 27 

Finally disputes arose among the English 
settlers. The Irish chieftains took advan- 
tage of this to make another stand for 
their rights. But this united the English, 
and down went the Irish again. 

Henry III. succeeded his father, 
John, upon the throne of England. In 
consequence of the complaints from the 
English Barons in Ireland, a modified 
form of the Magna Charta was granted 
them ; but it was specially provided that 
the Irish should have no share in these 
favors ; and the Viceroy was charged to 
see that no native of the country ob- 
tained cathedral preferment. This piece 
of injustice was annulled through the 
interference of Pope Honorius III. 
But the condition of the Irish did not 
improve. In 1221, the Archbishop of 
Dublin, Henry of London, was made 
governor. He obtained the name of 
" Scorch Villain," from his having cast 



28 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

into the fire the leases of the tenants of his 
see, whom he cited before him to produce 
these documents in his court. Such was 
the mode of government adopted by the 
English officials. Portions of the country 
were completely depopulated, and its 
kings and princes nearly annihilated. 
Fierce strife ensued between the con- 
queror and the conquered, but to the 
disadvantage of the latter. A century had 
passed. The English now held in firm 
possession only a small portion of Ire- 
land, and, not possessing the affections 
of the people, they were in constant 
apprehension. Their endeavors to make 
a complete conquest had met with a great 
deal of resistance; and though for a 
time they might hold what they gained, 
still, no sooner did they feel a sense of 
of security, than the Irish rose up against 
them. Thus it was one whirlwind of 
blood and strife, massacre and pillage, 
first on one side, and then on the other. 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 29 

Henry III. died in 1272, after a reign 
of fifty-six years. Edward I. succeeded 
him. His father had previously made him 
a grant of Ireland, on condition that it 
should not be separated from England. 
Hostilities were renewed by the unfortu- 
nate Irish, but with no better success than 
before. Those who dwelt near the Eng- 
lish petitioned that they might be ad- 
mitted to the privileges of the English 
law. Though, apparently, the king was 
willing, yet nothing was done. The 
laws of England were for the English, not 
not the Irish. The English possessions 
at the close of this century consisted of 
the Liberties and ten counties, Dublin, 
Louth, Kildare, Waterford, Tipperary, 
Cork, Limerick, Kerry, Roscommon, and 
part of Connaught. The Liberties were 
those of Connaught, Ulster, Meath, 
Wexford, Carlo w, Kilkenny, Thormony 
and Desmond. These absolute palatines 



30 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

made barons and knights, appointed their 
own courts, criminal and civil, judges, 
sheriffs, coroners, escheaton, etc., to 
which offices none of the native Irish 
were eligible. On the lands thus plundered 
many native septs existed, whom neither 
war nor famine could exterminate. The 
chiefs of Offaly were invited to dinner 
on Trinity Sunday, A. D. 13 15, by 
Pierce Mac Feorais. As they rose from 
the table they were cruelly massacred, 
one by one, with twenty-four of their 
followers. The murderers were arraigned 
before King Edward ; but no justice was 
ever obtained for this foul deed. High 
food-rates and abject poverty now 
existed in consequence of the cruel ex- 
actions of the English. Edward Bruce 
entered Ireland with six thousand men. 
Multitudes of the Irish flocked to his 
standard, hoping he would deliver them 
from the oppression under which they 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 31 

had so long groaned. They sent a re- 
monstrance to the Pope, in which they 
stated their grievances These are some 
of them : ' ' The people have been obliged 
to take refuge like beasts in the moun- 
tains, in the woods, marshes, and caves. 
Even there they are not safe. First, no 
Irishman who is not a prelate can take the 
law against an Englishman ; but every 
Englishman may take the law against an 
Irishman. Second, any Englishman 
may kill an Irishman falsely and 
perfidiously, — as often happened, — of 
whatsoever rank, innocent or guilty, and 
yet he cannot be brought before the 
English tribunals ; and, further, the 
English murderer can seize the property 
of his victim." Pope John wrote to 
Edward III., some years after, saying 
"That the object of Pope Adrian's 
Bull has been entirely neglected, and 
that the most unheard-of miseries and 






32 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND 

persecutions had been inflicted on the 
Irish." He advised a change of policy, 
lest it might be too late hereafter to 
apply a remedy when the spirit of revolt 
had grown stronger. 

Bruce began his operations. Victory 
after victory was gained by him. He was 
proclaimed King of Ireland. But, unfor- 
tunately, the miserable dissensions among ] 
the Irish broke out afresh. Had they 
united soul and body with Bruce, the 
English would have been driven out of 
Ireland. Defeat after defeat now fol- 
lowed, till finally the Scotch and Irish 
were completely routed and dispersed, 
and the English resumed their sway, 
with only the Irish to contend against. 

Pestilence as well as domestic strife 
now assailed them. The Black Death 
broke out in 1348. The annalists give 
fearful accounts of this visitation. The 
third son of Edward III. was now ap- 
pointed Viceroy. He landed with an 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 33 

army. Before his arrival, Irishmen were 
excluded from the office of mayor, 
bailiff, or officer, in any town within the 
English domain But Lionel improved 
matters : he forbade any Irish by 
birth to come near his army. It was 
the policy of the English to keep the 
two races distinct and at variance, so as to 
preserve a sort of balance of power. 
The Statute of Kilkenny was enacted. 
It provided, (i) That any alliance 
with the Irish by marriage, nur- 
ture of infants, or gossipred (standing 
sponsor), should be punishable as high 
treason. (2) That any man of English 
race taking an Irish name, or using the 
Irish language, apparel, or customs, should 
forfeit all his lands. (3) That to adopt 
or submit to the Brehon Law (old Irish 
law) was treason. (4) That the English 
should not make war on the Irish with- 
out permission of government. (Very 
3 



34 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

little heeded.) (5) That the English 
should not permit the Irish to pasture or 
graze upon their lands, nor admit them 
to ecclesiastical benefices or religious 
houses, nor entertain their minstrels 01 
rhymers. (6) It was also forbidden tc 
impose or cess any soldiers upon the 
English side against their will, undei 
the pain of felony. Have the Turks 
passed any laws more oppressive than 
were these ? 

Richard II. succeeded his grandfather. 
We are now in the year 1377; and how 
do we find Ireland ? In its normal state 
of partial insurrection and general dis- 
content. War, as usual, was carried on 
against the Irish chiefs : indeed, Ireland 
was the school for the practice of the art 
of war by the chivalrous youth of Eng- 
land. The war of the Roses broke out 
in England. Henry IV. became king. 
His second son, Thomas, was made 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 35 

Viceroy of Ireland (1402). He fol- 
lowed in the footsteps of his prede- 
cessors. Writing to his father, he 
says, "I, by the advice of my coun- 
cil, rode against the Irish, your enemies, 
and did my best to harass them ;" much 
being conveyed in the last five words. 
Henry VI. next ascended the throne, and, 

; as usual, the Irish question was found to be 
one of the greatest difficulty. Peculiar 
laws were passed which widened still more 
the fatal breach between the English and 
the Irish. It was declared that any man 
who did not shave his upper lip should 
be treated as an Irishman. The said 
shaving was to be performed once at 

i least in every two weeks. Edward and 
Henry VII. passed away. The same 
sad state of affairs in Ireland continued ; 
but at this period the English power 
was reduced to the lowest ebb. In 1494 an 
act was passed known as Poynings' Law. 



36 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

It affected those who lived within the Pal< 
(that part of Ireland which was occupie( 
by the English). It required all the Englisl 
colonists to pale or enclose that portioi 
of the country possessed by them, s( 
that the Irish could be kept out 
It is wearisome to follow out in thii 
strain the enormities practiced by th< 
English in Ireland. Still we must do it 
in order to show the barbarity of th< 
English, and why it is a disgrace tha 
Europe allows the English still to remaii 
there. 

We pass hurriedly over an interval 
Ireland is now in the hands of the 
Tudors and the Stuarts. Henry VIII 
ordered a report to be made of the 
condition of Ireland. The only counties 
really subject to English rule wen 
Louth, Meath, Dublin, Kildare, and Wex 
ford. Within thirty miles of Dublin till 
Brenon laws were in force. There wai| 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 37 

list of some sixty different petty rulers, 
if ell, the opinion expressed by the re- 
ort was that war to the knife was the 
nly remedy for Ireland's grievances, 
he report concludes that, "if the king 
ere as wise as Solomon the sage, he 
lall never subdue the wild Irish to his 
bedience without dread of the sword, 
ven this may fail. So long as they 
ay resist and save their lives, they will 
ever obey the king." The English 
imfessed that it was hopeless to contend 
th an enemy who was defeated one 
ay and rose up the next with renewed 
tergy. Now came the great Reforma- 
on in England, which Henry VIII. 
atermined to introduce into Ireland, 
he king supposed he would easily ac- 
omplish his mission. Dr. Browne was 
nt into Ireland to carry it out. And 
ow the English are aliens in blood, 
dens in language, and aliens in religion. 



38 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

Dr. Browne, after he had been in Ireland 
a while, writes thus to Henry: "I find 
that the common people of this isle are 
more zealous in their blindness than the 
saints and martyrs were in the truth." And 
so it was. The Irish clung to their 
religion. They would not adopt that 
imposed upon them by the invader. The 
cup of bitterness was now so full that 
the Irish bowed their heads and wept. 
What could they do? hunted like dogs, 
with no security of life from one 
day to another, with no home but what 
was likely to be snatched from them at 
any moment. It was now evident 
that the Irish nation would not accept 
Henry's supremacy. An expedient was 
devised for their utter extermination. 
" Curses on the Irish !" we almost fancy 
we hear Henry cry out; ''exterminate 
them, hound them, drive them to the 
dogs." It would be impossible to be- 
lie e 'hat the human heart could be 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 39 

guilty of such cruelty, if we had not the 
evidence of the fact in the "State Papers." 
By this diabolical scheme it was arranged 
:o kill or carry away all the cattle, and 
:o destroy their corn while growing- 
1 The very living of the Irish," says the 
writer, "doth clearly consist of two 
.hings. Take away the same from them, 
ind they are past power to recover or 
yet to annoy any subject in Ireland." 
Such was the arrangement; and it was 
from no want of inclination that it was 
not entirely carried out and the Irish 
starved to death in their own land. 
Abbeys and churches were despoiled ; 
everything the Irish held most sacred 
was destroyed. They scoured the 
land from end to end, destroying 
cathedrals, plundering abbeys, and burn- 
ing relics, did these civilized Christians 
the English. Five years later, Sir. An- 
thony St. Leger, after piteous complaints 



40 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

of the decay of piety and the increase of 
immorality, epitomizes the state of the 
country thus : "I never saw the land so 
far out of good order.' ' 

Now came the reigns of Edward VI. 
and Queen Mary. Under the former, 
deputies were sent over to quell the ever- 
recurring disturbances. When Mary as- 
cended the throne (1553), a sigh of 
relief went up over all Ireland. The 
poor Irish were naturally much excited 
and elated, hoping for a time of peace. 
This they certainly gained, so far as the 
practice of their religion was concerned ; 
but they failed to receive any temporal 
advantage. What Henry VIII. had done 
was now undone. When tidings came 
of the death of Edward, the people 
flung up their caps to the battlements of 
the great temple, set the bells ringing, 
brought out incense and holy water, and 
formed once more a Catholic procession, 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 41 

chanting the Sancta Maria, orapro nobis 
as of old. But when Mary came to the 
throne, so little had been done in the 
interest of the Reformation in Ireland, 
that there was very little to be undone. 

Next Elizabeth ascends the throne 
(1558). Everything is again reversed. 
The joy of the Irish was but momentary. 
Back they go to their old state of misery. 
The bishops were convened by the 
queen's command for the purpose of 
establishing the Protestant religion. 
Dr. Adam Loftus, in his first report 
to the queen, recommends that all 
Catholics should be fined a good round 
sum, which should be paid for her majesty's 
use, and that they be sharply dealt 
withal. After twenty-five years of fruit- 
less attempt to convert the Irish, he writes 
to Lord Burleigh, detailing the cause of 
the general decay of the Protestant reli- 
gion in Ireland, and suggesting how the 



42 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

same may be remedied. He advises that 
ecclesiastical commissions be put in force, 
for the people are poor and fear to be 
fined. He requests that such commis- 
sioners as are well affected in religion be 
permitted to imprison and fine all such 
as are obstinate and disobedient ; and he 
has no doubt that in a short time they may 
be reduced to good conformity. Sir John 
Perrott, who has the name of being the 
most humane of the lords deputies, could 
not refrain from acts of cruelty where 
Catholics were concerned. On one occa- 
sion he killed fifty persons and brought 
their heads home in triumph to Kilmal- 
lock, where he arranged them as a trophy, 
around the cross in the public square. In 
1582 he advised her majesty that Friars, 
Monks, Jesuits, Priests, Nuns, and such 
like vermin, who openly uphold the 
papacy, should be executed by martial 
law. The officers of the troops sent to 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 43 

put down popery seem to have rivalled 
each other in acts of cruelty. One is 
said to have tied his victim to a May-pole 
and then punched out his eyes with his 
thumb. Others amused themselves with 
flinging up infants into the air and catch- 
ing them on the points of their swords. 
Francis Crosby, the deputy at Lei, used 
to hang men, women, and children on an 
immense tree which grew before his door, 
without any crime being imputed to 
them except their faith, and then would 
watch with delight how the unhappy 
infants hung by the long hair of their 
martyred mothers. The Irish are driven 
to a state of frenzy. They revolt ; 
Shane O'Neill leads them on. But it 
amounts to nothing. Sir Henry Sidney 
is Viceroy. The old troubles are re- 
newed. The Lord Deputy writes thus of 
Munster : "Like as I never was in a more 
pleasant country in all my life, so never 



44 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

saw I a more waste and desolate land ; 
such horrible and lamentable spectacles 
are there to behold — as the burning 
of villages, the ruin of churches, the 
wasting of such as have been good 
towns and castles, yea, the view of the 
bones and skulls of the dead subjects 
who, partly by murder, partly by famine, 
have died in the fields — as in truth hardly 
any Christian with dry eyes could behold. " 
As for religion, the Privy Council de- 
clared that there was but a small appear- 
ance of it, the churches were uncovered, 
and the clergy scattered. Elizabeth 
attempted to remedy this ; but, alas ! it 
was incurable. Everything went to ruin. 
The Irish had long been imbued with the 
deepest hatred of everything English, and 
abhorred the adoption of a religion which 
came to them from those whom they con- 
sidered as their oppressors. They saw the 
ancient churches and monasteries, which 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 45 

had once been the pride of their country, 
desolated and in ruins. They would not 
repair them when they knew they could 
no longer be used by the priests of their 
own faith. The English would not 
repair what they had destroyed, and so 
they remained what they had made them, 
ruins. The priests remained concealed 
in the woods nearest their old parish 
churches, from whence they came forth 
at night to administer the sacrament 
to the people, who faithfully guarded 
their retreat. Sir Henry Sidney tried 
to improve matters : he attempted a 
plan of local government, by appoint- 
ing presidents to rule different provinces. 
But this arrangement simply multiplied 
the number of licensed oppressors. 
Strong measures were now adopted, of 
which cruelty to the unfortunate natives 
was the predominant feature. ' ' Hunt the 
fox out of his hole/' was the motto; for 



46 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

they were a wicked, barbarous, and uncivil 
people. The uncivil people gave them 
plenty of opportunity to hunt them. 
Rory Oge O'More and divers other 
natives kept up the excitement. The 
Spanish sent troops to help the Irish. 
But the English had their usual good 
luck, for at the end of the struggle 
the country was left one levelled plain, 
without corn or edifice. The Fort del 
Ore was besieged ; the Spaniards assisted 
the insurgents to hold out ; but the cour- 
age of the latter forsook them, and they 
surrendered to the English. The next 
day a banquet was prepared for them, 
and after it was over a signal was given, 
and the garrison, six hundred in all, were 
massacred. The Irish were constantly 
excited by the cruel execution of Catholic 
priests; some were hung, some were 
cruelly flogged, and, in several places, 
Franciscan friars were tied together by 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 47 

their cords and flung over steep preci- 
pices into the sea, in the presence of the 
exasperated and weeping multitude. As 
the news of these barbarities spread 
throughout the country the people grew 
more and more excited. Insurrections 
broke out, and in consequence, a mighty 
army was sent into Ireland. Essex came 
with 20,000 foot, 2,000 horse, the best 
equipped force ever sent into the country. 
The Irish gazed on these preparations with 
terror. The English now made a complete 
conquest. They marched from one end 
of the Island to the other. The O'Neills 
and the O'Donnells passed away, with 
thousands of their followers, forever. 
The Irish were totally defeated and at the 
end of the war, an unusually barbarous 
one, English authority was better estab- 
lished than it ever had been before. 

James I. succeeded to the throne. The 
Irish Catholics hoped for peace. But they 



48 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

I 

were disappointed ; for the King drank 
" to the eternal damnation of the Papists," 
at a public dinner. He was proclaimed 
in Dublin in 1605. His proclamation 
said, " We hereby make it known to our 
subjects in Ireland that no toleration shall 
ever be granted by us. This we do for 
the purpose of cutting off all hope that 
any other religion shall be allowed save 
that which is consonant to the laws and 
statutes of the realm." The penal statutes 
were renewed and enforced with increased 
severity. The vicar apostolic of Water- 
ford wrote : "There is scarcely a spot 
where Catholics can find a safe retreat. 
The impious soldiery, by day and 
night, pursue the defenceless priests, and 
mercilessly persecute them." Ulster 
was planted. A Presbyterian minister, 
whose father was one of the planters, 
says, " Those who came to establish 
English rule and root out Popery were 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 49 

enerally the scum of England and 
Scotland, who from debt, or fleeing from 
justice, or seeking shelter, came hither, 
hoping to be without fear of man's justice 
in a land where there was nothing or 
little but as yet of the fear of God. 
Iniquity abounded with contention, fight- 
ing, murder, and adultery." 

Charles I. graced the throne in 1625, 
and a reign of terror was at once com- 
menced. Money was wanted from Ireland. 

Graces'' would be given if they would 
give the supply. Six subsidies of ^50,000 
were granted ; but not a grace did the 
poor Irish receive. Such was the du- 
plicity of Charles. A commission of ' 'de- 
fective titles" was issued for Connaught. 
The process was extremely simple. The 
lawyers were set to work to hunt out old 
claims for the crown The object of 
the crown was, of course, the general 
good of the country. The people of 
4 



50 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

Connaught were to be civilized and en- 
riched. To this end, according to the 
then prevalent English idea, their prop- 
erty was confiscated and given to other 
parties. Thus the country was placed 
entirely in the hands of the sovereign. 
A new insurrection broke out. O'Neill 
assumed the title of Lord-General of the 
Catholic army in Ulster ; and this was 
the inauguration of the celebrated Con- 
federation of Kilkenny (1641). They 
convened a synod at Kilkenny, and 
pronounced the war undertaken by the 
Catholics of Ireland lawful and justifiable, 
at the same time denouncing murders and 
usurpations. They issued a manifesto 
explaining their conduct and forming a 
provisional government, and concluded 
their labors after three days spent in 
careful deliberation. Six members were 
elected from each province. The ad- 
ministrative authority was vested in a 



« 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 51 

supreme council. Lord Mountgarret 
was elected president. All this was obnox- 
ious to the English. Ormend was ordered 
to put down the rebellion. Battles en- 
sued with varying fortune, till finally a 
cessation for one year was agreed upon. 
Troubles came thick and fast. Dissen- 
sions, as usual, came among the Irish 
Anarchy prevailed, and Charles I. lost 
his head. 

Now came the delightful reign of 
Oliver Cromwell. Peaceable and harm- 
less-looking he was. He entered Ireland 
attended by some of the greatest generals 
of the age — Monk, Blake, Ireton, Waller, 
Ludlow and others. He brought with 
him for the propagation of the gospel and 
the Commonwealth, ^200,000 in money, 
eight regiments of foot, six of horse, 
several troops of dragoons, a large supply 
of Bibles, and a corresponding provision 
of ammunition and scythes. The Bibles 



52 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

were distributed among the soldiers, to 
be by them distributed to the natives, 
who could not understand a word of their 
contents. English were now opposed to 
English and Irish. Ormend had garri- 
soned Drogheda. Cromwell besieged it. 
After a brave resistance the garrison 
yielded, quarter being promised them. 
But quarter was not given, and five days 
were spent in butchering men, women 
and children in cold blood. Cromwell's 
theory was that extermination was the 
most merciful policy ; and this he ruth- 
lessly carried out. The grand idea was 
that of unpeopling Ireland of the Irish and 
planting it over with English. A grand 
effort was made to get rid of as many 
Irishmen as possible in a feasible manner. 
They were shipped abroad. Transporta- 
tion free was offered them out of the coun- 
try, if they would enter foreign service. 
Sooner than stay at home and endure such 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 53 

barbarities as were practiced upon them, 
they resolved to expatriate themselves; 
and between 1651 and 1654, thirty-four 
thousand Irishmen had left their native 
land ; and few, indeed, ever returned 
to its desolate shores. The country was 
sufficiently depopulated by war and emi- 
gration to admit of the commencement of 
the grand planting. The country was 
once more portioned out. In 1653, all 
the property of the Irish people was 
declared to belong to the English army 
and adventurers; and it was announced 
that the Parliament had assigned Con- 
naught for the habitation of the Irish 
nation. Whither they must transplant 
with their wives, daughters and children, 
before the first of May following, under 
penalty of death if found on this side of 
the Shannon after that day. This dreadful 
project was carried into effect. Those 
who remained were hanged, and pla- 



54 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

cards put on their breasts and backs, 
upon which was written, " For not trans- 
planting." Hundreds were condemned 
to death, but were eventually sent as 
slaves to Barbadoes. Sir William Petty 
stated that "six thousand boys and girls 
were sent as slaves to the West Indies.'" 
But we draw a curtain over this scene of I 
horror, out of mercy to our readers. 
Thus was the Cromwellian settlement of! 
Ireland accomplished. Have the Turks; 
ever done worse than this ? 

Charles II. ascends the throne. A> 
change has taken place. It is the yean 
1660. Will there be any relief from the: 
change ? No ; the old order of things is' 
continued. Three thousand Catholic: 
claimants for their own property were; 
condemned to forfeit their estates, with- 
out the shadow of an inquiry, but with 
the pretense of having justice done 
them; or, as Leland puts it, "without 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 55 

the justice granted to the vilest criminal, 
that of a fair and equal trial." 

James II. was a Catholic. The Quak- 
ers were set free in England ; the Cath- 
olics, in Ireland. But the bitterness of 
the Protestant faction prevented the re- 
form from being carried out. Fears 
prevailed on all sides. The hope that 
had been engendered in the bosoms of 
the Irish fled with the rapidity of light- 
ning; for 

William, Prince of Orange, appeared 
on the scene. James fled, and the Pro- 
testants assumed the supremacy. In 1689 
James is furnished with an armed force by 
the French king, and lands in Ireland 
As did their ancestors with Bruce, so did 
the Irish army with James — they flew to 
his assistance. But, alas ! the battle of 
the Boyne, the siege of Derry and 
of Limerick followed. This closed the 
scene. England gained the victory, and 



56 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

Ireland gained fresh oppression and in- 
tensification of religious and political 
animosity unparalleled in the history of 
nations. The treaty of Limerick was 
signed October 3d, 1691. It was agreed 
by this treaty that the Roman Catholics 
of Ireland should enjoy unmolested the 
exercise of their religion. Pardon and 
protection were offered to all who had 
served King James, and many other 
equitable arrangements were made. But 
the treaty was soon broken. Harris, an 
English historian, was obliged to write 
thus of the open violation of its arti- 
cles : " The justices of the peace, sheriffs 
other magistrates presuming on their 
power in the country, dispossessed several 
of their majesties' Catholic subjects not 
only of their goods and chattels, but 
also of their lands and tenements, to the 
great reproach of their majesty's govern- 
ment." An oath was introduced in Par- 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 57 

liament, which denied that in the sacra- 
ment of the Lord's Supper there was any 
transubstantiation of the elements ; and 
asserted that the invocation or adoration 
of the Virgin Mary, or any other saint, or 
the sacrifice of the mass, as now used in 
the Church of Rome, are damnable and 
idolatrous. The Catholic Peers and 
Commoners would not take this oath, 
and retired from the house. Thus the 
Irish Parliament consisted of members 
exclusively Protestant until its extinction 
in rSoo. In 1695 Lord Capel was ap- 
pointed viceroy. Parliament was assem- 
bled, and the following penal laws were 
enacted against the Catholics : 

1 The Catholic Peers were deprived 
of their right to sit in Parliament. 

2. Catholic gentlemen were forbidden 
to be elected members of Parliament. 

3. Catholics were denied the privilege 
of voting, and were excluded from all 



58 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

offices of trust, and, indeed, from all 
remunerative employment^ however insig 
nificant. 

4. They were fined £60 a month foi 
absence from the Protestant form ol 
worship. 

5. They were forbidden to travel five 
miles from their homes, to keep arms, tc 
maintain suits at law, or to be guardians* 
or executors. 

6. Any four justices of the peace 
could, without further trial, banish an) 
man for life if he refused to attend the 
Protestant service. 

7. Any two justices of the peace coulc 
call any man over sixteen before them 
and if he refused to abjure the Catholic 
religion they could bestow his propertj 
on the next of kin. 

8. No Catholic could employ a Catho: 
lie schoolmaster to educate his children 1 
and if he sent his child abroad for educa 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 59 

tion he was subject to a fine of ^ioo, 
and the child could not inherit property 
in either England or Ireland. 

9. Any Catholic priest who came into 
Ireland should be hanged. 

10. Any Protestant suspecting any 
other Protestant of holding property in 
trust for a Catholic, could file a bill against 
the suspected trustee, and take the estate 
or property from him. 

1 1 . Any Protestant seeing a Catholic 
tenant-at-will on a farm which, in his 
opinion, yielded more than one-third 
more than the yearly rent, might enter 
on that farm and, by simply swearing to 
the fact, take possession. 

12. Any Protestant might take away the 
horse of a Catholic, no matter how 
valuable, upon paying him ^5. 

13. Horses and wagons belonging to 
Catholics were, in all cases, to Lie seized 
for the use of the militia. 



60 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

14. Any Catholic gentleman's child 
who became a Protestant could at once 
take possession of his father's property. 

These were the famous penal laws. 
Have the Turks ever done worse than 
this ? The English Parliament suppressed 
the woolen trade in Ireland. In 1698 a 
law was passed for the prevention of 
the exportation of wool and woolen 
manufactures from Ireland, under for- 
feiture of goods and ships, and a penalty 
of ^£500. Forty thousand persons were 
reduced to utter destitution by this meas- 
ure. The Embargo laws followed, of 
which twenty- two were passed in forty 
years. Irish merchants were not allowed 
to trade beyond seas in any ship, except 
it was built in England. 

Queen Anne succeeded in 1702. The 
Duke of Ormond was sent over as 
Lord-Lieutenant. No insurrection this 
time. They had been too well ground 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 61 

down, and too carefully admonished. 
George I. and George II. reigned 
successively. And during this period 
the country was suffering from the most 
fearful distress. There were many causes 
for this destitution. Trade was crushed. 
Agriculture was not permitted. There 
was no resource for the majority but to 
emigrate, steal, or starve. Men, liable at 
any moment to be driven from their 
miserable holdings, if they attempted to 
effect an improvement or to plant such 
crops as might attract the rapacity of their 
landlords, planted only what they needed. 
Potatoes formed the main staple, and all 
Ireland subsisted on potatoes. In 1739 
a severe frost destroyed the entire crop, 
and Providence aided the English in the 
extermination of the Irish, for about four 
hundred thousand of the poor, miserable 
Irish perished by starvation. What a 
commentary on English rule in Ireland ! 



62 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

George III. was now king. America was 
fighting for its independence. The Irish 
flew to their assistance. Barry, Carrol, 
Col. Wm. Irvine, and many others can be 
named. The exiled Irish won the battle 
of Fontenoy for the French, against the 
English ; they fought in the armies of 
Spain : in fact, they fought all over 
Europe. George III. exclaimed, " Cursed 
be the laws that deprive me of such 
subjects ! " Startled England began to 
recover slowly and sadly from her long 
infatuation, to discover that Irishmen, 
from their habits of endurance and 
undaunted courage, were the best soldiers 
she could find. Now came the Agrarian 
outrages. Bear in mind the abject con- 
dition of the people, the penal laws, etc. 
Now the landlords rented their grounds 
far above their value, with the privilege of 
the tenants using certain commons for 
the pasturage of their cows. But the 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 63 

landlords enclosed the commons, and 
would not allow the use of them, nor did 
they lower the rents. An English writer 
says the tithe-mongers were as harpies, 
who squeezed the very vitals out of the 
people, and dragged from them the little 
that the landlord had left them. It was 
hard, terribly hard, for those who had 
once been the owners of the soil to be 
obliged to support the intruders on their 
property in affluence. The White-Boys 
were organized. The tithe-mongers and 
landlords were murdered. The White- 
Boys rose against their tyrannical oppres- 
sors. \t this period cattle were 
exceptionally valuable. A murrain had 
destroyed most of the cattle in England, 
Germany and Holland : hence there was 
a great foreign demand for butter and 
beef. As ground appropriated to grazing 
became more and more valuable, cottiers, 
being tenants at will, were ejected from 



64 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

their little holdings, which were let by 
the landlords to contractors, who took 
large tracts of land and paid high 
prices for them. Thus even whole 
baronies were turned into pasture. Some 
of those who were ejected fled to the large 
cities. But here the penal laws met 
them. No resource was left but to fly 
the country which, they did, leaving it 
forever. Those who remained rented 
small tracts of land at exorbitant 
prices, and struggled against famine to 
support themselves and their families. 
Intimidations, threatening notices, pun- 
ishment for disobedience of orders by 
destruction of property, personal violence 
and murder were now the order of the 
day. A large military force was sent 
over and properly distributed. Says Dr. 
Carey, in writing of it, " During the 
space of three years the Catholics of 
Munster were in a terrible condition, 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE? 65 

and so general did the panic at length 
become, and so many of the lower sort 
were already hanged, in jail, or on the 
informer's list, that the greater part of 
the rest fled through fear, so that the 
land lay untilled for want of hands to 
cultivate it. The better sort, who had 
something to lose, were in constant fear : 
if they stayed at home, they were perse- 
cuted; if they left, their absence was 
construed as guilt. The danger of 
having their lives sworn away was immi- 
nent, for the suborning and corrupting of 
witnesses of that period were frequent 
and barefaced to a degree beyond all 
belief. In 1771 a grace was granted to 
the Catholics, by which they were allowed 
to take a lease of fifty acres of bog and half 
acre of arable land for a house ; but this 
holding was not to be within a mile of any 
town. But at last a brighter day dawned 
on Ireland, after all these centuries of 
5 



66 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

oppression and wrong. The American 
war alarmed England. Parliament at 
once resolved to relieve Ireland of some 
of her commercial disabilities. Some 
trifling concessions were made ; but the 
export of Irish commodities from Ireland 
was forbidden, and, in consequence, the 
country was reduced to great distress 
The Irish debt rose to nearly a millior 
pounds. When the independence of the 
American states was acknowledged bj: 
France a bill for the partial relief of th<j 
Catholics passed unanimously through 
the English Parliament. Grattan enteret 
Parliament in 1 775 , in c 779 he addressee; 
the house on the subject of free trade fo< 
Ireland; and in 1780 he made his famoi 
speech for Irish independence. 

The volunteer corps of Ireland suf 
ported him. They met at Dungannon i 
1782. The delegates assembled, an 
the government dared not prevent or ii 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 67 

terrupt their proceedings. Col. William Ir- 
vine presided, and twenty-one resolutions 
were adopted, demanding civil rights and 
the removal of commercial restraints. 
The effect of this combined, powerful, 
and determined opposition was decisive. 
Grattan brought forth his celebrated mo- 
tion for Irish independence. It was carried, 
and when it passed he arose and said, 
" Ireland is now a nation ! In that new 
character I hail her, and, bowing to her 
august presence, I say Esto perpetua." A 
period of unexampled prosperity now 
followed. Mills were erected in every 
quarter ; machine-shops, carpet-manufac- 
tories, glass-factories, etc., were estab- 
lished, and large sums were expended in 
public works, giving employment 
to the needy. But this could affect 
only a certain few, not the whole coun- 
try, till after a long period. The 
majority were miserably poor and 



68 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

starving ; and this was the cause of the 
fearful insurrection which followed. 
Still, this prosperity was not without good 
results. Lord Clare proclaimed in Parlia- 
ment that no nation on the habitable 
globe had advanced in cultivation, com- 
merce, and manufacture with the same 
rapidity as Ireland, from 1782 to 1800. 
The population increased from three to 
five millions; the exiles began to flock 
home. Parliamentary reform was now 
the cry. The elective franchise should 
be given to Catholics. Meetings were 
held. But suddenly the flame that had 
shot up was subdued; darkness came 
upon the land once more. Movements 
were now carried on in secret. The 
Society of the United Irishmen was 
organized. A resolution was framed 
asking Parliament for relief from 
their disabilities. The French Revolu- 
tion, with all its horrors, had broken 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? 69 

' out ; the people were taught by- 
it what they could do. In 1793 a 
relief bill was passed, in consequence of 
the war with France. Attempts were 
made to suppress the Volunteers and the 
United Irishmen. Persecution of the 
Catholics once more began. Professing 
the Catholic religion became a crime. The 
Yeomanry corps was formed. Native 
Irish now fought against native Irish, — 
Orangemen against United Irishmen. 
This filled the cup of bitterness. Dreadful 
cruelties were practiced. The rebellion 
of 1798 broke out. We pass over the 
horrors of this rebellion : they are too 
well known to need repetition. And 
now comes the closing scene in this long 
drama, — the union. Mr. Pitt, speaking 
of the commercial prosperity of Ireland 
in 1785, says, "The uniform policy of 
England has been to deprive Ireland of 
the use of her own resources, and to 



70 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

make her subservient to the interest and 
the opulence of the English people." 
Chief-Justice Bushe said in Parliamet , 
1799, " You are called to give up your 
independence; and to whom are you 
called to give it up ? To a nation which 
for six hundred years has treated you 
with uniform injustice and oppression.'' 
The union was consummated, but how ? 
Read again what Chief-Justice Bushe 
says. " The basest corruption and artifices 
were exerted to promote the Union. All 
the worst passions of the human heart 
were enlisted in the service, and all the 
most depraved ingenuity of the human 
intellect tortured to devise new con- 
trivances for fraud. Half a million or 
more were expended some years since to 
break an opposition. The same, or a 
greater sum, may be necessary now.'' 
And Grattan asserted that Lord Castle- 
reagh had said so in the most extensive 



WHAT HAVE THE ENGLISH DONE ? Tl 

sense of bribery and corruption. The 
threat was proceeded on. The Peerage was 
sold ; the caitiffs of corruption were 
everywhere — in the lobby, in the streets, 
on the steps, and at the door of every 
Parliamentary leader, offering titles to 
some, offices to others, corruption to all. 
Such is the description given of the 
means by which the Union was carried. 
And here we close ; why need we go 
further? The Union has been de- 
structive to Ireland. Her commerce 
and her manufactures have been al- 
most annihilated. English interests have 
overwhelmed her. It is not necessary 
for us to prove this by minutely tracing 
the history of the trials and struggles of 
the O'Connells and others to bring 
about the repeal of the hated Union. 
We point to Ireland as she now is; 
we point to her sad condition; we 
point to the thousands who leave her 



*J2 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

shores year after year ; we point to the 
thousands of acres that have gone utterly 
to waste, to the towns and villages that 
-are in ruins, to the woeful condition of 
those that remain, to the miserable ham- 
lets they live in, to the rapacity of those 
who own the land, and we ask, what is to 
be thought of the English rule in Ireland ? 
Can a worse case than this be shown of 
the Turks, an uninterrupted oppression 
lasting seven hundred years ? 



What is to be Done with the 
English? 

We have followed the English step by 
step during their occupancy of Ireland. 
We have laid before you, from the pages 
of history, what they have done. 
These are facts, hard, undeniable facts ; 
they cannot be contradicted. Now, let us 
apply the same line of reasoning towards 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? T3 

the English that Mr. Freeman uses when 
he speaks of the ' ' Turks in Europe. ' ' He 
judges them by the past; he reviews their 
rule in Europe ; he points to what they 
have accomplished ; and he suggests as a 
remedy, that the Turks be got rid of, 
that they be driven out of Europe. 
Now, if the same line of argument does 
not apply to the English in Ireland, and 
if it is not true that the only means of 
placing Ireland in her proper position is 
to get rid of the English, by driving them 
out of Ireland, we have not properly 
comprehended the drift of his argument, 
or the nature of the subject we have 
handled. 

Ireland, as we have shown, was won- 
derfully advanced in the arts of civiliza- 
tion, and far ahead of England. She 
possessed a regular form of government ; 
she had an established religion ; she had 
schools and colleges to which the youth 



74 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

of Europe flocked by thousands ; she had 
missionaries to all parts of the world ; in 
short, she was the most enlightened 
nation of western Europe. The Danes 
arrived, — by hundreds, by thousands 
— and, for a time, Ireland was thrown 
into darkness and despair; but the 
Danish power was broken at the 
battle of Clontorf. Next came the Eng- 
lish. How, and in what manner? 
Invited over by Dermott, to aid him in 
his ambitious schemes, they came 
with fire and sword. We read of 
massacre and cold-blooded murder. 
True, such were the conditions of the 
times. So was it with the Turks. The 
English were alien in blood, alien in 
language, and sometimes alien in religion. 
But we need not follow this in minute 
detail. That, we have already done. 
li Nations which are alien in blood, in 
"language, and in religion may easily live 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? 75 

"together in good international friend- 
u ship; they may sometimes even live 
" peaceably together under the same gov- 
ernment But there are points about 
*' the Turks which make them alien in all 
(t these ways from the nations of Europe 
"in a manner in which the nations of 
' ' Europe are not alien one from another. ' ' 
So Mr. Freeman speaks of the Turks. 
Now look at the English in Ireland : do 
not the same observations apply to them ? 
Thierry, in his u Norman Conquest of 
England,'' says, "In England the descend- 
ants of the Anglo-Saxons, though unable 
to free themselves from the dominion of 
the conqueror, advanced rapidly in pros- 
perity and civilization. But the native 
Irish, apparently placed in similar cir- 
cumstances, have, for five centuries, 
exhibited a state of uniform decline. * * 
This singular destiny is the consequence 
of their proximity to England, and of 



76 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

the influence which, ever since the 
conquest, the government of the lat- 
ter country has constantly exercised 
over the internal affairs of the former.'' 
Thus, there are points about the English 
which make them alien in all their ways 
to the Irish, precisely as Mr. Freeman 
says the Turks are alien to European 
nations. 

Mr. Freeman says, "When we call a 
" certain part of Europe ' Turkey,' it does 
* ' not mean that the people of the land are 
1 ' Turks. The Turks are not the country- 
" men of the people of Turkey. They are 
" foreign enemies encamped among them. 
" In a word, the Turks in Europe are sim- 
" ply a band of strangers, '' s etc. In a simi- 
lar light must the English be viewed in 
Ireland. They certainly are not the peo- 
ple of the land. They certainly are foreign 
enemies who came there many hundred 
years ago. The English in Ireland are 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? 77 

simply a band of strangers. Mr. Freeman 
again says, " The Turks have ruled for 
" their own good, not for the good of 
*' those they encamped amongst." The 
same thing, unfortunately, have the 
English done in Ireland. (See Thierry in 
his "Norman Conquest," passage above 
quoted.) Mr. Freeman continues : " Now, 
"in most other places, when a conquest 
"happened five hundred years ago, the 
" conquerors and the conquered have by 
" this time pretty well made up their dif- 
" ferences, and have sat down as one peo- 
" pie under one government. Such is not 
" the case with the Turks ; they are as dis- 
" tinct to-day as they were when they 
" first came." Is not this, also, the 
condition of the English in Ireland 
to this day? Have the English and 
Irish as nations, as conqueror and 
conquered, sat down as one people, as 
one government ? Do not the conquered 



78 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

chafe under their chains of bond- 
age ? How long has it been since they 
strove for freedom? Is that spirit 
crushed out of them? Are they happy 
and content? They occupy the same 
position as the conquered do under the 
Turks. Both are held down by what ? 

Mr. Freeman points out a great differ- 
ence between the Turk and the Christian. 
The former is a Mohammedan. His relig- 
ion is specially antagonistic to Christian- 
ity. The Turks have forced their religion 
upon the conquered with fire and sword. 
For this the Turk should be driven out 
of Europe. But where is the great dif- 
ference ? History tells us what Henry 
VIII. did in Ireland to establish the Pro- 
testant faith. History tells us what Ed- 
ward VI. did ; history tells us what Eliz- 
abeth did; history tells us what Crom- 
well did ; and history continues the nar- 
rative. The Mohammedans denied civil 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? ?9 

privileges to the conquered. There 
was no land for them ; 'twas all for 
the Turk. How long has it been 
since the penal laws against the Cath- 
olics in Ireland were repealed ? Many 
living to this day remember but 
too well the time when these laws were 
in effect. 

11 When a Mohammedan government 
" bears rule over subjects who are not 
" Mohammedan, it cannot be a national 
" government; it cannot be a good gov- 
" eminent. The most that the best-dis- 
" posed Mohammedan ruler can do, will 
" be to keep the subjects of other relig- 
ions than the Mohammedan from actual, 
" personal oppression. Mohammedan 
" rulers have done this ; but no Moham- 
" medan ruler has really put his subjects of 
" other religions on the same footing as 
" his Mohammedan subjects. He must 
" treat them as the inferiors of his Moham- 



80 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

" medan subjects, as men whose religion is 
" tolerated and no more. And when a 
"Mohammedan government is established 
" by conquest over nations who are not 
" Mohammedan, these nations necessarily 
" become bondsmen in their own land. 
"All power and honor is kept for the 
"conquerors, and for such natives as em- 
" brace the religion of the conquerors. 
" Those of the natives who cleave faith- 
" fully to their religion remain an inferior 
" race, in bondage to conquerors and rene- 
" gades. And when the law (so far as the 
" word law can be used) condemns the 
"mass of the people of the land to subjec- 
" tion and degradation, it will grow into 
"actual, personal oppression." Thus 
speaks Mr. Freeman of the barbarian 
Turk. And what can be said of the 
Christian English ? Little did Mr. Free- 
man think how well these words would 
apply to that civilized nation of which 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 81 

he is a member. " The Mohammedan gov- 
" eminent cannot be a good government; 
" especially over those it has conquered 
'* who may differ in their religious belief." 
And why ? Now, does it make any differ- 
ence which religion it is that the conquer- 
or endeavors to force on the conquered, 
be it Mohammedan or Christian ? Will 
not the same result follow ? Did it not 
follow when the English forced the Pro- 
testant religion on the Catholic Irish 
Were not the Irish bondsmen in their 
own land? Were not those who clung 
faithfully to their religion, a hated and 
despised race ? Were they not in bond- 
age to the conqueror and renegade ? 
Were they not personally oppressed, ex- 
ported out of the country, and well-nigh 
exterminated? Nor was this a sudden 
ebullition of rage, of blind fanaticism ; 
it was the policy of state, and was 
carried on and adhered to for centuries. 
6 



82 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

The Turk is a Mohammedam. There- 
fore, he should be driven out of Europe 
for causes stated. But the Christian 
English are guilty of the same offenses, 
and should they not be dealt with in like 
manner, and driven cut of Ireland ? 

Mr. Freeman, in speaking of the 
Turkish government, describes it as "sys- 
tematic oppression, systematic plunder, 
the denial of the commonest rights of 
human beings to those who are under its 
power, and therefore he denies that 
it is a government in any sense of 
the word. The Turk has never dealt 
with the subject nations in such a way as 
to give them any rights over them, or to 
bind them to any duty towards them. 
His rule is a rule of brute force, of mere 
brigandage It makes no difference if 
that brigandage has gone on for five 
hundred years. He came as a robber, 
and he remains as a robber. He has no 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? 83 

rights except such as may be held to be- 
long to a man who has broken into the 
house of another, and has carried off his 
goods, laid waste his fields, and enslaved 
and murdered his children. If our 
readers have perused that portion of this 
brochure which tells of what the English 
have done in Ireland, they will remember 
the long array of systematic oppression, 
systematic plunder, denial of the com- 
monest rights of human beings to 
those under their power, etc. Accord- 
ing to Mr. Freeman, the " Turks have 
(i never dealt with the conquered in 
" such a way as to give them any rights 
"over them, or to bind them to any 
" duty towards the Turks. Their rule is a 
" rule of brute force, of mere brigandage, 
"etc., to the end. The Turks have no 
et rights, no honor, no dignity. We deal 
" with them as robbers and murderers, 
"however unpleasant the process may 



84 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

"be to the robber or murderer. So 
" we ought to deal with robbers and 
" murderers of whole nations. The 
"Turk is, in short, simply a barba- 
"rian, and none the less a barba- 
"rian because he has picked up a good 
' ' deal of cunning, because he has learned 
" to wear European clothes and to speak a 
" European language." These words con- 
tain severe reflections on the English ; 
for they have gone hand-in-hand in just 
such conduct, as has been shown by 
the pages of history. These strictures 
apply equally to the one or to the other. 
Such certainly was not the intention of 
Mr. Freeman. Taking the law as laid 
down by Mr. Freeman, justice demands 
that all must be judged alike by it. A 
murder is a murder, a robbery a robbery, 
be it committed by Jew, Gentile, or 
Mohammedan, by individuals, or by 
whole nations ; and with equal fervency 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 85 

should he solicit the assistance of Europe 
to aid the Irish in freeing themselves 
from their conquerors. What a friend 
the Irish have in Mr. Freeman, did they 
but know it ! 

'•' Nearly all the European nations be- 
long to one family, and speak languages 
which were one language. This is only 
lately known, but nevertheless a truth, 
etc.; and we may be sure that the real, 
original kindred which exists among all 
European nations, has at all times had a 
real influence in bringing them together." 
(Mr. Freeman.) "The Turks," he ar- 
gues, " not having this common interest, 
are incapable of this kindred feeling." 
Have the English shown the possession 
of this kindred feeling in their conduct 
towards Ireland ? Perhaps the theory of 
Mr. Freeman is incorrect. 

" Christian governments lay down no 
evil precepts. But they lay down moral 



86 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

precepts. The moral precepts of Chris- 
tianity are all in favor of law, order, 
and justice. Some Christian govern- 
ments have been bad ; but law, justice, 
and order have never been quite forgot- 
ten. But in no Christian government 
has polygamy been allowed by law." 
(Mr. Freeman.) It may be true ; but 
Christian governments have not always 
followed the moral precept. The Eng- 
lish did not in Ireland. Law, order, 
and justice were entirely forgotten for 
centuries, in so far as it concerned the 
Irish. As for polygamy, is Mr. Freeman 
aware of the fact that the Mormons ex- 
ist, nay, flourish, in the United States ? 
The law countenances their presence, for 
the law is not pressed against them. They 
increase and multiply, and bring prose- 
lytes from all parts of the world. They 
are a Christian people, and their laws 
preach polygamy. As for slavery, see 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE ? 87 

the United States. It took one hundred 
years to get rid of it. Finally it was 
accomplished at an enormous sacrifice of 
blood and treasure, from the effects of 
which we have not yet recovered. 
" For ages past the governments of 
"France and England have been both 
"better or worse at this and that 
"time. But they have at all times 
" been national governments. Neither 
"country for ages past has seen the 
" dominion of strangers ruling over the 
"people of the land in their own land." 
(Mr. Freeman.) This is a dig at the 
Turks. But how is it with Ireland ? Is 
there a national government there ? Are 
not strangers ruling over the people of 
the land in their own land ? How about 
Poland, Algiers, India, and divers others 
we could mention ? 

"We find it hard to understand a 
state of things in which what is called 



88 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

' government,' is mere dominion of 
strangers lording it over their own land." 
(Mr. Freeman.) Another dig at the 
Turks. Well, it is strange that it should 
be so. Cast your eyes on Ireland, Mr. 
Freeman ; they will explain it to you. 
Then, perhaps, it will not be so hard to 
comprehend. 

"Many of the actual Turks must be 
really of European blood ; but this has 
not made the Turks, as a body, Euro- 
pean." (Mr. Freeman.) Many of the 
Irish are of English blood ; but this does 
not make the Irish, as a body, English. 
11 Whatever degree of reciviliz.ng the 
Turks have undergone, has been Arabian 
and Persian." (Mr. Freeman.) What- 
ever degree of recivilizing influence the 
Irish have undergone, has been English. 
With what result ? 

"The Turks have never embraced the 
religion of Europe." (Mr. Freeman.) 



WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 89 

Have the Irish embraced the religion of 
the English? or have the English, since 
the Reformation, embraced the religion 
of the Irish ? True it is that the Catholic 
religion is tolerated in Ireland ; and it is 
also true that the Christian religion is 
tolerated in Turkey. " The oppressed 
Christian in Turkey cannot appeal to 
his own government, for he has no gov- 
ernment to appeal to." (Mr. Freeman.) 
The oppressed Christians in Turkey will 
not give the oppressed Jews any rights. 
And the oppressed Christians in Turkey 
refused the treaty offered by Turkey 
because the Turks insisted on the Jews 
having the same rights. 

And thus we might go on answering 
Mr, Freeman; but we desist. All we 
ask is, if the Turk is to be driven 
out for these reasons, let the English also 
be driven out. We drop the curtain, and 



90 THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND. 

invite Mr. Freeman to go behind it and 
contemplate a vision in which the 
condition of Ireland for many centu- 
ries lies like a panorama before him. 
Let him give his sympathy and use his 
powerful pen on behalf of those at his 
own door ; and let him beseech Europe 
to rise up and drive the obstinate English 
out of Ireland. For this he must do, 
if he advocates the driving out of the 
Turks. By no means is it wise or just 
for those who live in glass houses to 
throw stones. 



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